It is relatively easy to compose a canon at the octave by using a repetitive harmonic pattern. In the following example Konrad Max Kunz uses only 2 chords to create a canon:

Pachelbel's canon is a more elaborate example of the same method. The harmonic progression consists of 8 chords with a small variation in the seventh chord (marked in red). Both chords have a subdominant function and differ only in one note (E):

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
D major:	I	V	vi	iii	IV	I	ii6/5 IV	V7

There are many examples of canons at the octave constructed in this way. However, the Canon alla ottava of Bach dispenses with this simple method and demonstrates a greater degree of complexity.

The canon is based on the inverted form of the Art of Fugue's subject.

The canon's subject (notes from the inverted subject marked in red):

The subject is presented by the upper voice. Here a harmonic analysis when the subject is imitated by the lower voice in measure 5:

This harmonic plan is not going to be repeated à la Pachelbel. Bach will use his harmonic skills to make variations in every imitation. Let's see...